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Mainframe mania

April 8, 2004 by Scott Rosenberg

Last night I drove down to the Computer History Museum in Mountain View to hear Frederick Brooks, Jr., Bob Evans and other veterans of the IBM System 360 project celebrate its 40th anniversary.

System 360, rolled out in 1964 as IBM’s $5 billion, all-in-one, bet-the-company New Thing, became the core of modern computing. It powered the original SABRE airline reservation system and the NASA program, and drove the rise of information technology as an engine of business change. Its amibitions were vast: It aimed to meet “every need of every user” (!). Its name referred to the 360 degrees of a circle. It was intended to be literally all-encompassing. And — after some rocky initial months — it was phenomenally successful, so successful that it became the ultimate symbol of the computing establishment. That has also made it, ever since, into a target for revolutionary cudgels. (Apple’s famous 1984 ad didn’t actually depict an IBM computer; it didn’t have to — everyone knew who Big Blue Brother was.)

Today, System 360’s mainframe technology has been repeatedly superseded by succeeding generations: first came the minicomputers from Digital, HP and others, bringing the price of computing down, extending its availability and changing its paradigm from batches of cards to “interactive” sessions; then came the microcomputers from Apple, IBM, and eventually everyone else, putting a computer on every desktop and, as the PC visionaries repeatedly told us, changing the world in the process.

What was fascinating to hear on Wednesday night was the number of times the speakers used the phrase “change the world” to describe the impact of the System 360 itself. In 1964, Brooks suggested, the design concepts it embodied were revolutionary in their own right: a single product family, with upward and downward compatibility, so that software that would run on the cheapest model would run on the most expensive, and vice versa; a standard input/output interface allowing for easy swapping of devices; a disk-based operating system; and other fundamentals of computing that we take for granted today.

Brooks, who helmed the software development effort for the 360 and then left IBM for academia, was inspired by his work on the project to write “The Mythical Man-Month” — one of the first and still among the very best explorations of the nature of programming. Someone asked Brooks how he came to write his classic:

“When I was leaving IBM, Tom Watson came to me, we had a very good conversation… He said, you’ve managed the hardware part of a project and you’ve managed the software part of a project. What is the difference from a management point of view between the hardware and the software? Why does software seem to be so much harder to manage? And I said, well, I can’t answer that on the spot, but I’ll think about it. It took five years.”

Though Brooks’ years of though provided us with some valuable answers to these questions, Watson’s pained query still haunts the computer industry, 40 years later.

Filed Under: Software, Technology

McKibben on McCain

April 6, 2004 by Scott Rosenberg

Over at the NRDC’s Web site my old friend Bill McKibben has a great piece about how John McCain got religion on global warming. The article also offers some sharp words and insight into how the Republican party, once home to Teddy Roosevelt and friendly to aspects of environmentalism, has become today’s “no polluter left behind” GOP. [Link courtesy Worldchanging]

Filed Under: Politics

Missing Bloggercon II

April 6, 2004 by Scott Rosenberg

I can’t make it to the second Bloggercon on April 17 at Harvard, but it looks likely to be a fascinating program with great people. I look forward to following the proceedings from a distance.

Filed Under: Events

Site performance

April 6, 2004 by Scott Rosenberg

Salon bloggers and readers of Salon blogs should be seeing much improvement in the performance of our servers, particularly the rcs.salon.com server (which does comments and updates listings) that used to get bogged down a lot. Thanks to our partners at Userland for upgrading this service last week. I’m seeing much better results both for this blog and for others that I read. Keep us posted if your mileage varies.

Filed Under: Salon Blogs

Forever Young

March 30, 2004 by Scott Rosenberg

Tonight I heard parts of Terry Gross’s interview with Neil Young. I’ve been listening to Young’s music since I was young myself. As an 11-year-old, in 1970, I’d bop around my room to those endless jams on “Everybody Knows This is Nowhere.” As a 14-year-old I would cut phys. ed class and hang around outside the gym singing the lyrics to beloved obscurities like “Don’t Let It Bring You Down.” I finally heard Young play live in the late ’70s on the “Rust Never Sleeps” tour. But in all those years I’d never before heard an interview with him.

The show is a shambling, illuminating ramble through the mind of this amazing musician, who belongs right up there with Dylan and Reed as a sort of deathless chthonic spirit of popular music. Here is the exchange with which it begins:

  GROSS: You’ve said that you like to destroy what you’ve created and then move on. Would you talk about why?

YOUNG: Did I say that?

GROSS: Yeah.

YOUNG: When did I say that? I probably did. I certainly can’t say I didn’t.

GROSS: Maybe you’ve destroyed that statement and that statement isn’t true anymore.

YOUNG: I’m working, all the wheels are turning a million miles an hour, I’m trying to come up with a quick answer here. I really think that, you know, you’ve got to move on, whether you tear it down, whatever you built, whether you tear it down — it’s just, you know, I don’t want to destroy what I’ve done, but I want to destroy the feeling that I’m going to do it again. I don’t want people to think that just because I did this, that I’m going to do that, that I’m going to do it again, that they can say now I’m this, and that’s what I should do, and that’s where I fit. I hate fitting.

Misfitting becomes him well enough.

Filed Under: Culture, Food for Thought, Music

Emotional rescue

March 29, 2004 by Scott Rosenberg

Blogging was down for 3 days while Salon moved its offices — from floor number 16 to floor number 11 of the same building. The move signified nothing other than a convenience between us and our landlord, but the box that hosts my Radio Userland was offline all weekend.

Back to the world, now! Jeff Jarvis quoted my post on Clarke’s apology to the 9/11 commission and commented:

  Oh, fercrhissake, this is not about feelings! This is about life and death! This is about finding bad guys and killing them before they kill us. Enough with apologies and emotions and psyches. This is war. Let’s go win it.

But surely war is one of the most emotionally intense experiences humankind has created. And how can we talk about “life and death” as if there are no “feelings” involved? What could be more emotional? I really don’t get the objection — unless it stems from a generic attitude that “talking about feelings is for wimps,” which I think is beneath Jarvis.

There is a direct connection between the ability to handle emotions healthily and the ability to win a war. (Why do you think the U.S. armed forces devote so much energy and time toward trying to cope with stress, trauma and the awful emotional toll of combat?) Clarke’s apology was so powerful because it opened a door leading beyond the grief over 9/11 that so many still feel — a door that the Bush administration has resolutely kept closed. If we’re fighting a war to win, and we’re still a democracy, then tending the national psyche remains an important part of the president’s portfolio.

One of the psychological values of admitting error, of course, is that only after you’ve admitted that you made a mistake can you begin to learn from it. No one in his right mind, Richard Clarke included, believes that the Bush administration averted its gaze from specific, detailed intelligence it could have used to save the World Trade Center. (This is why the president’s rebuttal — “had my administration had any information that terrorists were going to attack New York City on Sept. 11, we would have acted” — is so off-the-point.) It’s very clear now that the Bush administration failed to make fighting Al-Qaida terrorism a priority before 9/11. And, really, that’s okay; it was a new administration, it was bound to make some goofs, and the disaster of 9/11 could have happened on any president’s watch.

That doesn’t mean Bush couldn’t have stepped forward and admitted the obvious — that 9/11 represented a colossal failure of the American government to protect the American people. How could it not be? And why is it so hard just to say so and move on? Why did it take 2 1/2 years for any official to be able to bring him or herself to the point of uttering this plain fact?

The problem with the Bush gang’s refusal to take any responsibility for its failures is not simply that it has hindered us from putting the ghosts of 9/11 to rest; it’s that, as Josh Marshall points out here — it made it impossible for them to learn from their mistakes:

  Screw-ups happen; mistakes happen. What is inexcusable is the inability, indeed the refusal, to learn from them. Rather than adjust to this different reality, on September 12th, the Bush war cabinet set about using 9/11 — exploiting it, really — to advance an agenda which had, in fact, been largely discredited by 9/11. They shoe-horned everything they’d been trying to do before the attacks into the new boots of 9/11. And the fit was so bad they had to deceive the public and themselves to do it.

So I think it’s awfully simplistic to just say, “this is about finding bad guys and killing them before they kill us”, and banish the very subject of emotions from the table. The most fervent theorists of the war on terror insist that it is a vast, complex global chess game spanning continents and decades. Painful as it is to accept this, they are probably right.

If it were just a matter of “finding bad guys and killing them,” maybe we wouldn’t have to worry about messy things like the morale of the American people. But Bush’s failure of moral leadership has actually made it harder for the U.S. to maintain the will it needs in this fight. Clarke’s apology took one step toward correcting that. Bush will never understand this, but Clarke was, in an obtuse way, helping the president.

UPDATE: Jarvis responds here. Good heated discussion in the comments there, too.
AND MORE: Chris Nolan has further comments as well.

Filed Under: Politics

The buck finds a rest stop

March 25, 2004 by Scott Rosenberg

“Your government failed you. Those entrusted with protecting you failed you. And I failed you. We tried hard. But that doesn’t matter, because we failed. And for that failure, I would ask, once all the facts are out, for your understanding and for your forgiveness.”

I haven’t yet even seen the video, and I’m way behind in my reading so I don’t really know what people are saying out there about Richard Clarke’s extraordinary testimony yesterday before the 9/11 Commission. But just reading those words in newspaper reports made me think that the words of the former head of counterterrorism will go down as one of those defining moments in American public life, like the Army-McCarthy hearings’ “Have you no decency, sir, at long last” or the Watergate hearings’ “What did the president know and when did he know it?”

Because Clarke’s words exposed a deep emotional vacuum in the Bush administration’s handling of 9/11. Bush and his team won widespread acclaim for their bullhorn-toting, Bible-waving, smart-bomb-dropping reaction to the terror attacks. And each of those responses had its place, accomplished something in the long process of coming to terms with the death and destruction of that day. But the Bush approach, with its macho swagger punctuated by interludes of lower-lip-biting moments of silence for our collective loss, has never fully satisfied the national psyche.

Someone can correct me if I’m wrong, but I can’t recall a single instance when a leading Bush official — someone on the order of a cabinet secretary or above — looked the American people in the eye and either apologized or admitted error. They don’t know how to do it. Admitting mistakes is not in their playbook. Apologies are for wimps and Democrats.

Now Clarke, neither wimp nor Democrat, has done both these things, in simple, direct words — words that, I think, the 9/11 family members and their wider network of friends, relations and sympathizers, a circle that ripples out to include just about all of us, have wanted and needed to hear from someone in a position of responsibility for so long. By uttering these words, Clarke indirectly but boldly underscored their absence from our government’s vocabulary in the entire two-and-a-half-year span of days since 9/11. His action placed Bush’s failure in stark relief. Further, it reminded us that despite the incomparable magnitude of the 9/11 attacks, not a single Bush administration official has resigned, or been asked to resign, to take responsibility for what happened.

It was fear of just such a moment, I think, that led Bush to oppose the formation of a 9/11 commission in the first place. And it is the resonance of the moment with so many other Bush failures that gives it its power. This is an administration that (as Josh Marshall has eloquently argued) does not know how to say “This was our fault.” I’m not saying we can or should blame 9/11 on Bush. But the Bush administration’s habit of finger-pointing — whether talking about the stagnant economy (not the fault of our insane tax policies!), the failure to find weapons of mass destruction in Iraq (not the fault of our blindered policy-making!) or any other issue of national significance over the past four years — has escalated from a bad habit into a scandal. The stonewalling of responsibility has made it impossible for the nation to figure out what went wrong and make the changes we need to insure it never happens again.

Someone in the executive branch had to stoop down, pick up the famous Harry Truman motto that Bush never seems to have heard, and take its words to heart. That it took a resigned official to do so, and that his doing so evoked an extraordinary barrage of personal assault from the vice president and other Bush officials, is one last stinging reminder that, in the Bush administration, no one’s desk bears a “the buck stops here” plaque. Yesterday, Richard Clarke finally stopped the buck.

Filed Under: Politics

Counterterrorist

March 24, 2004 by Scott Rosenberg

I don’t make a habit of linking heavily to Salon pieces in my blog, since I figure most of you are also Salon regulars — but I do want to make sure you have a look at Joe Conason’s interview with Richard Clarke, our cover story for today. Clarke, the former head of counterterrorism at the National Security Council, is in the eye of the storm right now for his revelations about the Bush administration’s behavior in the immediate aftermath of 9/11.

Here’s a taste of the interview.

Clarke on the Bush administration’s mob ethos:
“The Bush White House assumes that everyone who works for them is part of a personal loyalty network, rather than part of the government. And that their first loyalty is to Bush rather than to the people. When you cross that line or violate that trust, they get very upset.”

Clarke’s response to Dick Cheney’s charge that the Clinton administration had “no great success in dealing with terrorists”:
“It’s possible that the vice president has spent so little time studying the terrorist phenomenon that he doesn’t know about the successes in the 1990s. There were many. The Clinton administration stopped Iraqi terrorism against the United States, through military intervention. It stopped Iranian terrorism against the United States, through covert action. It stopped the al-Qaida attempt to have a dominant influence in Bosnia. It stopped the terrorist attacks at the millennium. It stopped many other terrorist attacks, including on the U.S. embassy in Albania. And it began a lethal covert action program against al-Qaida; it also launched military strikes against al-Qaida. Maybe the vice president was so busy running Halliburton at the time that he didn’t notice.”

Read the rest. Clarke has good, strong answers to every one of the personal attacks the Bush team has thrown his way.

Filed Under: Politics, Salon

The users are revolting!

March 23, 2004 by Scott Rosenberg

Rob Glaser of Real Networks, Lisa Gansky of Ofoto and Shane Robison of HP are talking about “user-generated content” here at PC Forum, in a panel moderated by Hank Barry of Napster fame. There’s lots of talk about monetizing content and tools and rights (including some slaps at Steve Jobs for keeping ITunes and the IPod a closed system), but I think they’re all missing the point. Newsweek’s Steven Levy asked, “Are we going to enter a renaissance of alternatives to the media with homegrown stuff, or is it going to be more of an ‘American Idol’ kind of thing?” He didn’t get much of an answer.

Glaser talked about a “shortage of narrative storytelling skills” and a “dearth of creative talent” when it comes to users creating longer-form video content. Technically, perhaps he’s right. But so what? “User-generated content” isn’t about creating some sort of big farm team for the pros. The long-term value of “user-generated content” isn’t in the businesses — not necessarily those on this panel –that no doubt will figure out how ways to generate revenue from it. The value is to individuals, and society, in the sheer number of previously silent voices that will sound, in the previously unheard stories that will be told, to whatever size audience. We’re slowly but steadily increasing the breadth of human experience and expression that is recorded and available to others. Next to that sort of social good, somehow the implementation details of different business models seem trivial.

(These issues have been hashed out for years at the Digital Storytelling Festival.)

Filed Under: Culture, Events, Technology

Neal Stephenson at PC Forum

March 22, 2004 by Scott Rosenberg

I’m much too exhausted to offer a full account, but Neal Stephenson just spoke for an hour or so here at PC Forum — and said that, since he’s now finished work on the Baroque Cycle (the next volume is out April 13), he thinks he may turn his attention to an update of his amazing essay on computer operating systems, “In the Beginning Was the Command Line.”

There’s good blogging on PC Forum from David Weinberger, Brian Dear, Bret Fausett, and I’m sure others. Socialtext has created an “eventspace” Web site / wiki for the conference.

Filed Under: Events

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